v2 Chapter 215： Materials to be developed by Muyang
May 4th.
The Chinese players, guidance experts, coaches and translators who participated in the WorldSkills Competition are going back to China.
Mu Yang boarded the plane again, feeling a little scared.
The plane he was on didn't have any first-class cabins. Even if there were, he was too embarrassed to go to the first-class cabins. The air tickets were arranged uniformly by the state.
Taking a long-distance plane is too much trouble, Mu Yang came to his seat and narrowed his eyes.
He was thinking about what better technology to buy.
The general direction already exists, that is, materials.
The material industry is at the most upstream of the manufacturing process, and the quality of the material directly affects the quality of the product.
Taking semiconductor materials as an example, most of the domestic semiconductor materials currently rely on imports. Local semiconductor material manufacturers can only meet about 20% of the demand, and most of them are low-end materials. Materials that are really used in high-end fields such as discrete devices and integrated circuits are not. many.
However, Muyang's current desire to develop semiconductors is not enough. The investment in this line is too large, and the reading system level is not enough.
At present, the most suitable material for him is metal material.
Although my country's manufacturing industry has developed rapidly over the years, it relies on the rough processing of materials and the assembly of end products.
There is a saying that "if the foundation is not strong, the ground will shake." At present, a large number of core key materials still need to be imported, and my country's self-sufficiency rate of key new materials is only 14%.
Next year, the state will promulgate the 12th Five-Year Rules, that is, from 2011 to 2015, there will be as many as 650 directions of industrial basic materials, basic parts/components, basic processes and industrial technology foundations that our country needs to make breakthroughs in. A series of policies such as the 13th Five-Year Plan are more committed to upgrading "Made in China" to "Created in China", breaking the situation that a large number of core key materials in China are highly dependent on foreign imports.
Now, if Mu Yang is engaged in this area, it happens to be the policy, and he will gain a great right to speak in the future.
Even if it's not for the right to speak and the collision policy, in Muyang's future layout, materials are still needed. This is related to his foundation. Without materials, he can't produce many high-end equipment.
Cooking without rice!
No matter how good the technology is, it is helpless.
my country relies on a lot of imported metal materials, just to give a few examples.
90% of high-speed rail gear boxes are imported, and 100% of braking devices are imported;
99% of automobile automatic transmissions are imported, and 99% of special chains and steel belts for automobile continuously variable transmissions are imported;
my country manufactures 99% of the equipment and components in electric kettles, but it is impossible to manufacture small springs that automatically trip and cut off power. Manufacturing 100 kettles is not as profitable as Yingguo’s manufacturing of a small spring.
…
There were too many, and Mu Yang felt puzzled knowing this situation.
There are many reasons why domestic high-end materials are worse than others, mainly equipment, technology, formula and so on.
Even after ten years, there is still a big gap between my country's key metal materials and the world's advanced countries.
Some materials may still be imported and bought, but some materials, such as high-temperature alloy steel products related to aerospace, are an important strategic military material that developed countries never export.
When he figured out how to deal with metal materials, his thinking became much clearer.
Sometimes it’s annoying, and it’s also annoying when you’re too versatile. It’s like when a person arrives at a meal and doesn’t know what to eat.
Very confused.
There are many kinds of metal materials, and he was thinking about which one to start with.
Mu Yang opened his eyes, pulled out the folding board of the back seat of the plane, took out paper and pen, and gathered up what metal materials to use.
If the purpose is to solve some technical bottlenecks, maybe its market size is very narrow, but if there is a lack of such materials, the technology will not be able to break through, and it can no longer be measured purely by money.
For example, if a tank armor uses super-strength alloy steel, no armor-piercing projectile can penetrate it. Without considering the problem of missile shock waves and high temperature injuries, the tank is a bit abnormal, and it can also be developed in a lightweight direction.
The same material is armored on ships and aircraft carriers, so there is no need to worry about torpedoes, that is: hit whatever you want, you hit you, I hit me!
As long as I don't fail and have ammunition, who is afraid of who.
Come on, there really is this kind of material, then when you play, you can be as showy as you want.
Yes, I am not afraid of any **** missiles.
If there is a machining center tool with super wear resistance and high temperature resistance, and toughness is not bad, it will rarely break, and the service life will be long. Even a small blade of tens of thousands of yuan will be willing to invest, because there is no need to worry about the need to change the tool during the processing process. Once the tool is changed, it has to be readjusted, which is too troublesome and time-consuming. For such a processing center with tens of millions, the depreciation cost of equipment is hundreds of yuan per hour.
Of course, in order to achieve this function, this material is a bit perverted. Mu Yang estimates that with the current reading system level 5, or even level 6, it is impossible.
But the weakened version is also acceptable.
A few national competition players next to him were curious when they saw Mu Yang writing, mainly because his **** hurt when he was sitting, it was too boring, and they wanted to find someone to chat with, and Mu Yang was the best person to chat with. .
These people have already been incorporated into the Xinghai Group by Mu Yang. Now is the best time to have a relationship. If they get off the plane and arrive at the Xinghai Group in the future, it will be nothing to do with them.
"President Mu, can you draw too?" asked a national competition player sitting behind Mu Yang.
"Uh, if you don't paint, just write casually, and think about what metal materials are the most powerful right now." Mu Yang joked, it is impossible to tell the truth to these people.
But when he said that, the people around became curious, and the topic of the topic opened at once.
"Of course it is ultra-high strength, ultra-high toughness, ultra-high wear resistance, ultra-high temperature resistance, and ultra-good processing." said an 18-year-old national competition player.
"That's impossible, your material is too contradictory. Metal materials have a characteristic, and you probably know about machinery.
The higher the tensile strength of a material, the harder and wear-resistant it is, but the less ductile and tough it is.
vice versa. Xiang Feng said, "Mr. Mu, I'm right. "
"Yes, Xiang Feng is right, strength and toughness are extremes in two different directions, but there are some that are more balanced. Various metal materials research institutes are also exploring the materials you mentioned."
It's a bit like the shield of Captain Mei in the movie. It can resist missiles, and it can also slow down the impact force and prevent high temperature. Mu Yang wanted to ask Captain Mei, Steve: "Aren't you afraid of burning your hands, you really have no bones. fold?"
Of course, for Marvel movies, you don't have to worry about these loopholes, just the same, it's cool.
Watching a movie is for relaxation, not nitpicking. Isn't this embarrassing screenwriters?
Returning to the topic, it is very important to understand the properties of metal materials that Xiang Feng said.
As a typical example, the kitchen knives used at home are quenched to enhance the hardness. However, the blade is easy to collapse, that is, after the blade is quenched, its toughness deteriorates.
The hardness of materials is usually expressed by Brinell, Rockwell hardness and Vickers hardness. They are three different measurement methods with different units.
Plasticity is often expressed by elongation, which is easier to understand: the original 100 mm long steel bar will break when stretched to 125 mm, and its elongation is (125-100)/100=25%!
For example, the steel bar q235b used in the construction of private houses has a hardness of about 150 Brinell hardness and an elongation of about 22%.
For household kitchen knives, the blade hardness reaches 50hrc (converted to 490 Brinell hardness), and the elongation may be less than 10%!
Some kitchen knives sold on the street are used to cut pure iron wire with a hardness of only 70 or 80 Brinell hardness.
Of course no problem!
The hardness comparison is seven or eight times!
It's just that the knife sold to you may not be so good.
Next time you take a piece of cast steel and chop it down, and see if he can chop it.
Of course, if you smash people into acting like this, you must be prepared to run away and be cut with a knife.
Mu Yang continued: "There are too many metal materials, one person can't remember so many, generally speaking, it is not necessary to memorize so much, as long as you are familiar with the effect of each element on the material, you can analyze it from the chemical composition of the material. What are the properties of the material?"
"So powerful?" A national competition player was slightly surprised.
"For example, when adding chromium to steel, more than 12% has anti-corrosion properties. For example, stainless steel 304, which is common in our lives, contains about 18% chromium." Muyang said, "There are thousands of metal materials, but the commonly used elements There are only a dozen or so, I just need to remember what elements are used in steel, and when I encounter a material I don’t understand, I will check its chemical composition.”
"It turns out to be like this. After saying this, the idea will be clear, Mu Yang, you are really amazing."
Even Xiang Feng from Shencheng Jiaotong University had to admire him. He probably understood a little bit when Mu Yang said this.
Mu Yang smiled. This is what a senior welding engineer should know.
After chatting with them for more than ten minutes, Mu Yang narrowed his eyes and didn't want to talk anymore. Everyone looked at him and thought he was going to rest and didn't want to disturb him anymore.
Mu Yang squinted his eyes, and the troubles came again. He also had some headaches about what metal materials he wanted to develop.
Mainly there are too many kinds.
Some can make money, but they are useless for his future layout;
Some can’t make money at all, so they can get achievement points. If it involves military use, it is not suitable to publish it. If it is impossible to write papers or patents, it will cost achievement points, but it is very useful and affects him future layout.
There are also some that can make money and have great plans for his future. He likes to do this kind of work.
Mu Yang thought about it carefully, still from the perspective of making money and the country. His current wealth has reached a certain level, and he urgently needs a certain right of speech and status.
What metal materials the country currently relies on, and at the same time it will affect its future layout, but not affect the money, can do it first.
For example, the metal materials that this company currently relies on include aluminum alloy automobile body panels, high-strength aluminum alloys, high-purity metal targets, aviation titanium alloys, high magnetic induction oriented silicon steel, free-cutting stainless steel, hydrogen storage alloys, 690 alloys, high-performance copper alloy, etc.
After eliminating them one by one, Mu Yang quickly knew what materials he was going to make.
Titanium!
Titanium alloy has high strength and low density, good mechanical function, high specific strength, good resistance and corrosion resistance.
Accurate data, the density of industrial pure titanium is ρ=4.5g/cm3 (0.57 times that of iron), the melting point is 1725°C (about 1450°C for steel), and the tensile strength σb=539mpa (about 345mpa for civil steel bars). The thermal strength is high and the working temperature of titanium alloy can reach 500 ℃, while that of aluminum alloy is below 200 ℃.
In such a comparison, the advantages of titanium are clearly seen from the data.
It is also this feature that it is widely used in the manufacture of aircraft, rockets, missiles, spacecraft, chemical machinery and instrumentation.
For example, the weight of titanium alloys in military aircraft is very large. The f-14 accounts for 24% of the total weight, the f15 is 31%, and the SR is as high as 73%.
However, titanium also has major disadvantages.
Titanium has great chemical activity and has strong chemical reactions with o, n, h, co, co2, water vapor, ammonia, etc. in the atmosphere.
Therefore, it is very difficult to smelt in an inert gas or vacuum environment, which is why the price of titanium remains high.
In 10 years, UU reading www. uukanshu.com ordinary civilian titanium alloy plate, rod, wire, the price is 150~280 yuan/kg.
The price of military titanium alloy is generally not less than 400 yuan, and the high price reaches 1300 yuan/kg, which is ridiculously expensive.
In fact, the ingredients are similar, but the price difference is very large, the reason is high performance and stable batch quality.
If the demand for titanium is less than a fraction of it relative to steel, it can be ignored.
At present, the annual output of titanium alloy processing materials in the world has reached more than 40,000 tons, and there are nearly 30 types of titanium alloys. The widely used titanium alloys are ti-6al-4v (tc4), ti-l-2.5sn (ta7) and industrial pure titanium (ta1, ta2 and ta3).
There are several domestic manufacturers of titanium, such as Baosteel Group Shencheng Five Steel Co., Ltd., Jinling Baoti Zhonghui Group Co., Ltd., Zhangjia Hongda Steel Pipe Factory, Baoti Group, etc., but they are all low-end.
Most aviation titanium alloys still rely on imports.
Even if it is not in the aviation field, it has a broad market in the civil field. Due to the "biophilic" nature of titanium alloys, it is widely used in the manufacture of medical equipment, the manufacture of human hip joints, knee joints, shoulder joints, elbow joints, skulls, active heart Flaps, bone fixation clips.
－－－－－－off topic－－－－－
The content of this chapter is relatively hard-core, but each new technology must be briefly introduced, otherwise you will not be able to understand the following content. The old farmer has been working on materials for many years, but there is not much contact with titanium alloys. There may be mistakes and omissions. Please point out the boss. After reading the literature for a few days, re-reading the previous books on titanium, and then summarizing it, after a few days of headache, I finally sorted it out. I have tried my best to simplify it.
7017k
Read Rebirth 2008: I can make money by reading the latest chapter, please pay attention ()
The Chinese players, guidance experts, coaches and translators who participated in the WorldSkills Competition are going back to China.
Mu Yang boarded the plane again, feeling a little scared.
The plane he was on didn't have any first-class cabins. Even if there were, he was too embarrassed to go to the first-class cabins. The air tickets were arranged uniformly by the state.
Taking a long-distance plane is too much trouble, Mu Yang came to his seat and narrowed his eyes.
He was thinking about what better technology to buy.
The general direction already exists, that is, materials.
The material industry is at the most upstream of the manufacturing process, and the quality of the material directly affects the quality of the product.
Taking semiconductor materials as an example, most of the domestic semiconductor materials currently rely on imports. Local semiconductor material manufacturers can only meet about 20% of the demand, and most of them are low-end materials. Materials that are really used in high-end fields such as discrete devices and integrated circuits are not. many.
However, Muyang's current desire to develop semiconductors is not enough. The investment in this line is too large, and the reading system level is not enough.
At present, the most suitable material for him is metal material.
Although my country's manufacturing industry has developed rapidly over the years, it relies on the rough processing of materials and the assembly of end products.
There is a saying that "if the foundation is not strong, the ground will shake." At present, a large number of core key materials still need to be imported, and my country's self-sufficiency rate of key new materials is only 14%.
Next year, the state will promulgate the 12th Five-Year Rules, that is, from 2011 to 2015, there will be as many as 650 directions of industrial basic materials, basic parts/components, basic processes and industrial technology foundations that our country needs to make breakthroughs in. A series of policies such as the 13th Five-Year Plan are more committed to upgrading "Made in China" to "Created in China", breaking the situation that a large number of core key materials in China are highly dependent on foreign imports.
Now, if Mu Yang is engaged in this area, it happens to be the policy, and he will gain a great right to speak in the future.
Even if it's not for the right to speak and the collision policy, in Muyang's future layout, materials are still needed. This is related to his foundation. Without materials, he can't produce many high-end equipment.
Cooking without rice!
No matter how good the technology is, it is helpless.
my country relies on a lot of imported metal materials, just to give a few examples.
90% of high-speed rail gear boxes are imported, and 100% of braking devices are imported;
99% of automobile automatic transmissions are imported, and 99% of special chains and steel belts for automobile continuously variable transmissions are imported;
my country manufactures 99% of the equipment and components in electric kettles, but it is impossible to manufacture small springs that automatically trip and cut off power. Manufacturing 100 kettles is not as profitable as Yingguo’s manufacturing of a small spring.
…
There were too many, and Mu Yang felt puzzled knowing this situation.
There are many reasons why domestic high-end materials are worse than others, mainly equipment, technology, formula and so on.
Even after ten years, there is still a big gap between my country's key metal materials and the world's advanced countries.
Some materials may still be imported and bought, but some materials, such as high-temperature alloy steel products related to aerospace, are an important strategic military material that developed countries never export.
When he figured out how to deal with metal materials, his thinking became much clearer.
Sometimes it’s annoying, and it’s also annoying when you’re too versatile. It’s like when a person arrives at a meal and doesn’t know what to eat.
Very confused.
There are many kinds of metal materials, and he was thinking about which one to start with.
Mu Yang opened his eyes, pulled out the folding board of the back seat of the plane, took out paper and pen, and gathered up what metal materials to use.
If the purpose is to solve some technical bottlenecks, maybe its market size is very narrow, but if there is a lack of such materials, the technology will not be able to break through, and it can no longer be measured purely by money.
For example, if a tank armor uses super-strength alloy steel, no armor-piercing projectile can penetrate it. Without considering the problem of missile shock waves and high temperature injuries, the tank is a bit abnormal, and it can also be developed in a lightweight direction.
The same material is armored on ships and aircraft carriers, so there is no need to worry about torpedoes, that is: hit whatever you want, you hit you, I hit me!
As long as I don't fail and have ammunition, who is afraid of who.
Come on, there really is this kind of material, then when you play, you can be as showy as you want.
Yes, I am not afraid of any **** missiles.
If there is a machining center tool with super wear resistance and high temperature resistance, and toughness is not bad, it will rarely break, and the service life will be long. Even a small blade of tens of thousands of yuan will be willing to invest, because there is no need to worry about the need to change the tool during the processing process. Once the tool is changed, it has to be readjusted, which is too troublesome and time-consuming. For such a processing center with tens of millions, the depreciation cost of equipment is hundreds of yuan per hour.
Of course, in order to achieve this function, this material is a bit perverted. Mu Yang estimates that with the current reading system level 5, or even level 6, it is impossible.
But the weakened version is also acceptable.
A few national competition players next to him were curious when they saw Mu Yang writing, mainly because his **** hurt when he was sitting, it was too boring, and they wanted to find someone to chat with, and Mu Yang was the best person to chat with. .
These people have already been incorporated into the Xinghai Group by Mu Yang. Now is the best time to have a relationship. If they get off the plane and arrive at the Xinghai Group in the future, it will be nothing to do with them.
"President Mu, can you draw too?" asked a national competition player sitting behind Mu Yang.
"Uh, if you don't paint, just write casually, and think about what metal materials are the most powerful right now." Mu Yang joked, it is impossible to tell the truth to these people.
But when he said that, the people around became curious, and the topic of the topic opened at once.
"Of course it is ultra-high strength, ultra-high toughness, ultra-high wear resistance, ultra-high temperature resistance, and ultra-good processing." said an 18-year-old national competition player.
"That's impossible, your material is too contradictory. Metal materials have a characteristic, and you probably know about machinery.
The higher the tensile strength of a material, the harder and wear-resistant it is, but the less ductile and tough it is.
vice versa. Xiang Feng said, "Mr. Mu, I'm right. "
"Yes, Xiang Feng is right, strength and toughness are extremes in two different directions, but there are some that are more balanced. Various metal materials research institutes are also exploring the materials you mentioned."
It's a bit like the shield of Captain Mei in the movie. It can resist missiles, and it can also slow down the impact force and prevent high temperature. Mu Yang wanted to ask Captain Mei, Steve: "Aren't you afraid of burning your hands, you really have no bones. fold?"
Of course, for Marvel movies, you don't have to worry about these loopholes, just the same, it's cool.
Watching a movie is for relaxation, not nitpicking. Isn't this embarrassing screenwriters?
Returning to the topic, it is very important to understand the properties of metal materials that Xiang Feng said.
As a typical example, the kitchen knives used at home are quenched to enhance the hardness. However, the blade is easy to collapse, that is, after the blade is quenched, its toughness deteriorates.
The hardness of materials is usually expressed by Brinell, Rockwell hardness and Vickers hardness. They are three different measurement methods with different units.
Plasticity is often expressed by elongation, which is easier to understand: the original 100 mm long steel bar will break when stretched to 125 mm, and its elongation is (125-100)/100=25%!
For example, the steel bar q235b used in the construction of private houses has a hardness of about 150 Brinell hardness and an elongation of about 22%.
For household kitchen knives, the blade hardness reaches 50hrc (converted to 490 Brinell hardness), and the elongation may be less than 10%!
Some kitchen knives sold on the street are used to cut pure iron wire with a hardness of only 70 or 80 Brinell hardness.
Of course no problem!
The hardness comparison is seven or eight times!
It's just that the knife sold to you may not be so good.
Next time you take a piece of cast steel and chop it down, and see if he can chop it.
Of course, if you smash people into acting like this, you must be prepared to run away and be cut with a knife.
Mu Yang continued: "There are too many metal materials, one person can't remember so many, generally speaking, it is not necessary to memorize so much, as long as you are familiar with the effect of each element on the material, you can analyze it from the chemical composition of the material. What are the properties of the material?"
"So powerful?" A national competition player was slightly surprised.
"For example, when adding chromium to steel, more than 12% has anti-corrosion properties. For example, stainless steel 304, which is common in our lives, contains about 18% chromium." Muyang said, "There are thousands of metal materials, but the commonly used elements There are only a dozen or so, I just need to remember what elements are used in steel, and when I encounter a material I don’t understand, I will check its chemical composition.”
"It turns out to be like this. After saying this, the idea will be clear, Mu Yang, you are really amazing."
Even Xiang Feng from Shencheng Jiaotong University had to admire him. He probably understood a little bit when Mu Yang said this.
Mu Yang smiled. This is what a senior welding engineer should know.
After chatting with them for more than ten minutes, Mu Yang narrowed his eyes and didn't want to talk anymore. Everyone looked at him and thought he was going to rest and didn't want to disturb him anymore.
Mu Yang squinted his eyes, and the troubles came again. He also had some headaches about what metal materials he wanted to develop.
Mainly there are too many kinds.
Some can make money, but they are useless for his future layout;
Some can’t make money at all, so they can get achievement points. If it involves military use, it is not suitable to publish it. If it is impossible to write papers or patents, it will cost achievement points, but it is very useful and affects him future layout.
There are also some that can make money and have great plans for his future. He likes to do this kind of work.
Mu Yang thought about it carefully, still from the perspective of making money and the country. His current wealth has reached a certain level, and he urgently needs a certain right of speech and status.
What metal materials the country currently relies on, and at the same time it will affect its future layout, but not affect the money, can do it first.
For example, the metal materials that this company currently relies on include aluminum alloy automobile body panels, high-strength aluminum alloys, high-purity metal targets, aviation titanium alloys, high magnetic induction oriented silicon steel, free-cutting stainless steel, hydrogen storage alloys, 690 alloys, high-performance copper alloy, etc.
After eliminating them one by one, Mu Yang quickly knew what materials he was going to make.
Titanium!
Titanium alloy has high strength and low density, good mechanical function, high specific strength, good resistance and corrosion resistance.
Accurate data, the density of industrial pure titanium is ρ=4.5g/cm3 (0.57 times that of iron), the melting point is 1725°C (about 1450°C for steel), and the tensile strength σb=539mpa (about 345mpa for civil steel bars). The thermal strength is high and the working temperature of titanium alloy can reach 500 ℃, while that of aluminum alloy is below 200 ℃.
In such a comparison, the advantages of titanium are clearly seen from the data.
It is also this feature that it is widely used in the manufacture of aircraft, rockets, missiles, spacecraft, chemical machinery and instrumentation.
For example, the weight of titanium alloys in military aircraft is very large. The f-14 accounts for 24% of the total weight, the f15 is 31%, and the SR is as high as 73%.
However, titanium also has major disadvantages.
Titanium has great chemical activity and has strong chemical reactions with o, n, h, co, co2, water vapor, ammonia, etc. in the atmosphere.
Therefore, it is very difficult to smelt in an inert gas or vacuum environment, which is why the price of titanium remains high.
In 10 years, UU reading www. uukanshu.com ordinary civilian titanium alloy plate, rod, wire, the price is 150~280 yuan/kg.
The price of military titanium alloy is generally not less than 400 yuan, and the high price reaches 1300 yuan/kg, which is ridiculously expensive.
In fact, the ingredients are similar, but the price difference is very large, the reason is high performance and stable batch quality.
If the demand for titanium is less than a fraction of it relative to steel, it can be ignored.
At present, the annual output of titanium alloy processing materials in the world has reached more than 40,000 tons, and there are nearly 30 types of titanium alloys. The widely used titanium alloys are ti-6al-4v (tc4), ti-l-2.5sn (ta7) and industrial pure titanium (ta1, ta2 and ta3).
There are several domestic manufacturers of titanium, such as Baosteel Group Shencheng Five Steel Co., Ltd., Jinling Baoti Zhonghui Group Co., Ltd., Zhangjia Hongda Steel Pipe Factory, Baoti Group, etc., but they are all low-end.
Most aviation titanium alloys still rely on imports.
Even if it is not in the aviation field, it has a broad market in the civil field. Due to the "biophilic" nature of titanium alloys, it is widely used in the manufacture of medical equipment, the manufacture of human hip joints, knee joints, shoulder joints, elbow joints, skulls, active heart Flaps, bone fixation clips.
－－－－－－off topic－－－－－
The content of this chapter is relatively hard-core, but each new technology must be briefly introduced, otherwise you will not be able to understand the following content. The old farmer has been working on materials for many years, but there is not much contact with titanium alloys. There may be mistakes and omissions. Please point out the boss. After reading the literature for a few days, re-reading the previous books on titanium, and then summarizing it, after a few days of headache, I finally sorted it out. I have tried my best to simplify it.
7017k
Read Rebirth 2008: I can make money by reading the latest chapter, please pay attention ()
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